ʻO ka sodium hydroxide
ʻO ka sodium hydroxide, nona ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika ʻo NaOH, ʻike mau ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻuala, ka ʻuala a me ka ʻuala. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻala amonia. He puʻukū ikaikaalkali, ka mea maʻamau i ka flake a i ʻole ke ʻano granular. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai (ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, hāʻawi ia i ka wela) a hana i ka hopena alkaline. Eia kekahi, he deliquescent a maʻalahi ke komo i ka mahu wai (deliquescence) a me carbon dioxide (deterioration) i ka lewa. ʻO NaOH kekahi o nā kinikini e pono ai i loko o nā hale hana kemika, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā kinikini maʻamau. ʻO ka huahana maʻemaʻe ʻaʻole kala a ʻaʻohe aniani. ʻO ka mānoanoa 2.130 g/cm. Ka helu hehee 318.4 ℃. ʻO 1390 ℃ ka helu hoʻolapalapa. Loaʻa i nā huahana ʻoihana kahi liʻiliʻi o ka sodium chloride a me ka sodium carbonate, he mau keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a opaque. Loaʻa nā poloka, flaky, granular a me ke ʻano koʻokoʻo. ʻAno nui 40.01
ʻO ka sodium hydroxidehiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe alkaline i ka mālama wai, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ethanol a me ka glycerol; ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ka propanol a me ka ether. Hoʻopau pū ia i ke kalapona a me ka sodium ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hopena disproportionation me ka halogen e like me ka chlorine, bromine a me ka iodine. Neutralize me nā waikawa e hana i ka paʻakai a me ka wai.
Nā waiwai kino o ka pelu
ʻO ka sodium hydroxide kahi paʻa keʻokeʻo translucent crystalline. He ʻono astringent kona ʻano wai a me ka manaʻo satiny.
Deliquescence peʻa He deliquescent i ka lewa.
Ka hoʻoheheʻe wai
He hygroscopic loa ka alkali paʻa. Ke ʻike ʻia i ka lewa, hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i nā molekole wai i ka lewa, a hemo loa i ka hopena, akā ʻaʻohe hygroscopicity wai sodium hydroxide.
Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia
ʻO ka alkalinity pelu
ʻO ka sodium hydroxide e hoʻokaʻawale loa i nā ion sodium a me nā ion hydroxide ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, no laila ke ʻano nui o ka alkali.
Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i ka hopena neutralization acid-base me kekahi waika protonic (ʻo ia hoʻi ka hopena decomposition pālua):
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H₂O
2NaOH + H₂SO₄=Na₂SO₄+2H₂O
NaOH + HNO₃=NaNO₃+H₂O
Pēlā nō, hiki i kāna mea hoʻonā ke hana i ka hopena decomposition pālua me ka wai paʻakai:
NaOH + NH₄Cl = NaCl +NH₃·H₂O
2NaOH + CuSO₄= Cu(OH)₂↓+ Na₂SO₄
2NaOH+MgCl₂= 2NaCl+Mg(OH)₂↓
ʻO ka pane saponification pelu
I ka nui o nā hopena kūlohelohe, hana like ka sodium hydroxide ma ke ʻano he catalyst, ma waena o ka mea ʻoi loa ka saponification:
RCOOR' + NaOH = RCOONa + R'OH
E hāʻule i kekahi
ʻO ke kumu e hoʻohaʻahaʻa maʻalahi ai ka sodium hydroxide i loko o ka sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) i ka lewa no ka mea aia i loko o ka ea ka carbon dioxide (co):
2NaOH + CO₂ = Na₂CO₃ + H₂O
Inā hoʻokomo mau ʻia ka carbon dioxide nui, e hana ʻia ka sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), i ʻike mau ʻia ʻo ka soda baking, a penei ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana:
Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O = 2NaHCO₃
Pēlā nō, hiki i ka sodium hydroxide ke hoʻopili me nā oxide acid e like me ka silicon dioxide (SiO₂) a me ka sulfur dioxide (SO):
2NaOH + SiO₂ = Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O
2 NaOH+SO (trace) = Na₂SO₃+H₂O
NaOH+SO₂ (ʻoi aku ka nui) = NaHSO₃ (hana ʻia ka NASO a me ka wai me ka SO nui e hoʻohua i ka nahSO)
